CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL AND MAN-MADE EMERGENCIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51699/e5z9tz47Keywords:
Earthquake, Flood, Tectonic Movements, Danger, Emergency SituationsAbstract
Improved or developed methodologies for analyzing various types of emergencies make it possible to predict them. However, these methods are generating debate on a number of issues, one of which is the problem of identifying the determining factors that shape the risk of natural and man-made emergencies in the study area. Addressing this and a number of other issues requires the use of specialized methods, which have been largely neglected to date. Many hazards are multifaceted (floods can be devastating for cities, paralyzing for flooded roads, or depleting agricultural lands). Based on the areas affected by the disaster, natural risks are classified by their magnitude.
References
[1] Gosstandart of Russia, GOST R 22.1.02-95, Safety in Emergencies—Monitoring and Forecasting: Terms and Definitions. Moscow, Russia, 1995.
[2] Gosstandart of Russia, GOST R 22.0.03-95, Safety in Emergencies—Natural Emergencies: Terms and Definitions. Moscow, Russia, 1995.
[3] Gosstandart of Russia, GOST R 22.0.04-95, Safety in Emergencies—Biological and Social Emergencies: Terms and Definitions. Moscow, Russia, 1995.
[4] Gosstandart of Russia, GOST R 52104-2003, Resource Saving: Terms and Definitions. Moscow, Russia, 2003.
[5] Gosstandart of Russia, GOST R 22.0.05-94, Safety in Emergencies—Technogenic Emergencies: Terms and Definitions. Moscow, Russia, 1994.
[6] Standartinform, GOST 31937-2011, Buildings and Structures—Rules for Inspection and Monitoring of Technical Condition. Moscow, Russia, 2014.
[7] Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), “Website,” 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.cred.be. [Accessed: Oct. 20, 2018].
[8] E. Bryant, Natural Hazards. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[9] United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Geneva, Switzerland, 2015.
[10] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
[11] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 22320:2018, Security and Resilience—Emergency Management—Guidelines for Incident Management. Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.
[12] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning (CPG 101 v2). Washington, DC, USA, 2010.
[13] World Health Organization (WHO), Emergency Risk Management for Health: Overview. Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
[14] Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database. Brussels, Belgium. [Online]. Available: https://www.emdat.be. [Accessed: Jun. 2, 2026].
[15] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 31000:2018, Risk Management—Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.
[16] K. Smith, Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster, 6th ed. London, U.K.: Routledge, 2013.
