Valeology: International Journal of Medical Anthropology and Bioethics (2995-4924)
Valeology: International Journal of Medical Anthropology and Bioethics (IJMAB) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the advancement of scholarship in medical humanities, bioethics, pathology, and related interdisciplinary fields. The journal aims to foster high academic standards and encourage critical, professional, and public discourse on diverse topics that intersect health, society, and ethics. IJMAB welcomes original research articles, reviews, and theoretical papers that explore issues in medical anthropology, cultural studies related to health, pathology within anthropological or ethical contexts, the human body, health and illness narratives, public health ethics, and the philosophical dimensions of healthcare. By integrating perspectives from anthropology, ethics, pathology, and the medical humanities, the journal supports the development of innovative pedagogical approaches and promotes interdisciplinary understanding in health-related disciplines. It is particularly interested in submissions that examine how cultural, social, and pathological factors shape the human experience of health and medicine across diverse contexts. JOURNAL INFORMATION Journal title : Valeology: International Journal of Medical Anthropology and Bioethics Initials : Valeology Abbreviation : Int.Jour. Med. Anthro. Bio. Frequency : Monthly Published DOI : Publisher Association : Antis Publishing House Online ISSN : ISSN 2995-4924 (Online) | Valeology | The ISSN Portal Collaboration Institution : Kokand State University Publisher : Multi Journals Press Citation Analysis : IEEE Reference Style Accreditation : - Abstracting and Indexing : Click here
SERUM CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS AS INDICATORS OF BONE METABOLISM AND REMODELING ACTIVITY
This study reports findings on skeletal bone tissue metabolism and bone remodeling activity, assessed through the measurement of total serum calcium and phosphorus levels in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis undergoing dental implant treatment. A comparative evaluation of treatment approaches indicates that the “one-two-three” vitamin-mineral complex demonstrates greater effectiveness in normalizing mineral metabolism parameters in the blood and supports the maintenance of optimal calcium and phosphorus concentrations.
osseointegration, postmenopausal osteoporosis, dental implants, bone remodeling, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, parathyroid hormone
Copyright (c) 2026 Valeology: International Journal of Medical Anthropology and Bioethics (2995-4924)
ADHESIVE DISEASE IN GYNECOLOGY: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL IMPACT, AND CURRENT CHALLENGES IN PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
Adhesive disease in gynecology represents one of the most persistent and clinically relevant challenges in abdominal and pelvic surgery. It is characterized by abnormal fibrous connections between peritoneal surfaces that develop after tissue injury and surgical intervention. Unlike simple postoperative scarring, adhesions constitute a dynamic biological process involving inflammation, fibrin deposition, fibroblast proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, ultimately leading to permanent anatomical distortion of pelvic organs. The clinical importance of this condition extends beyond surgical morphology. Adhesions are strongly associated with tuboperitoneal infertility, chronic pelvic pain syndromes, bowel obstruction, and increased complexity of repeat surgical procedures. In reproductive-age women, even limited adnexal adhesions may significantly impair fertility by disrupting ovum capture, tubal motility, and tubo-ovarian alignment. Epidemiologically, postoperative adhesions remain extremely common despite the evolution of minimally invasive surgery. Large cohort analyses suggest that intra-abdominal adhesions develop in up to 60–90% of patients after major abdominal or pelvic surgery, with gynecological procedures being among the most affected. Importantly, adhesions are not static findings; they contribute to long-term morbidity, repeated hospitalizations, and reoperations over many years. Although laparoscopic surgery has significantly reduced tissue trauma compared to open surgery, it has not eliminated adhesion formation. Risk persists due to multiple interacting factors, including peritoneal ischemia, endometriosis-related inflammation, intraoperative bleeding, thermal injury from energy devices, and repeated surgical exposure. Therefore, adhesive disease should be considered a multifactorial, chronic, and system-wide surgical problem rather than a simple postoperative complication.
THE NEED AND INDICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING AN APPROACH AND TECHNIQUE FOR PERFORMING LAPAROSCOPIC GYNECOLOGICAL SURGERIES AT ZERO INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE WITHOUT THE USE OF A LAPAROLIFT UNDER SPINAL ANESTHESIA ONLY
Background. Traditional gynecological laparoscopy performed under CO₂ pneumoperitoneum and general anesthesia provides a predictable operative space, but is associated with cardiorespiratory changes due to Trendelenburg and significant drug load, limiting the applicability of this method in high-risk patients and in resource-constrained regional hospitals. Gasless laparoscopy is considered an alternative; however, it is more often performed with a laparolift, which increases technological dependence, complicates organization, and may limit the versatility of pelvic exposure in certain clinical situations. Aim of the study. To substantiate the need and clinical indications for developing an approach and technique for performing laparoscopic gynecological surgeries at zero intra-abdominal pressure without the use of a laparolift under spinal anesthesia only, and to formulate requirements for the safety and reproducibility of the future algorithm. Materials and Methods. A problem-based analytical review of the literature was conducted, including a qualitative synthesis of data on the physiological effects of CO₂ pneumoperitoneum and positioning, low-pressure strategies, neuraxial anesthesia in laparoscopy, gasless approaches, and the early recovery profile (pain, PONV). A patent information analysis of the state of the art was performed, including an international search of the PATENTSCOPE (WIPO) and Espacenet (EPO) databases, to identify technical solutions related to creating a CO₂-free operating space and dependence on lifting systems. Results. According to the literature, two "incomplete" models predominate: a gasless approach with a laparolift and neuraxial anesthesia with preserved CO₂ pneumoperitoneum. Laparolift, despite eliminating the CO₂ factor, creates a new "bottleneck" in scaling: dependence on specialized equipment, a prolonged preparatory phase, and variability in pelvic exposure in some patients. The combination of zero intra-abdominal pressure, elimination of a laparolift, and true spinal anesthesia represents a clinical and technological niche that potentially reduces CO₂- and GA-associated load and improves the early recovery profile (including PONV). A key condition for the clinical feasibility of this approach is preliminary standardization: positioning strategy, "adequate exposure" criteria, conversion protocol, and a uniform set of safety and efficacy endpoints. Conclusion. The "0 mmHg" approach. The concept of "laparoscopy without a laparolift under spinal anesthesia only" has sound clinical and organizational justifications and requires further development of a reproducible approach and a safety algorithm, followed by clinical evaluation.
THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS USED TO STIMULATE REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY IN HIGH-YIELDING COWS ON FERMENTATION PROCESSES IN THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
The article describes the effect of the nutritional supplement “VILOFOSS”, used to stimulate the reproductive activity of Holstein cows, on the fermentation processes occurring in the digestive organs. The study evaluates how the supplement influences physiological condition, digestive microflora activity, and reproductive parameters in high-producing dairy cows during the postpartum period.
THE USE OF ROBOTS AND ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGERY: A PRECISE AND SAFE FUTURE
Advances in digital equipment have been applied to the treatment of complex medical conditions. However, published studies have not comprehensively covered these applications, and the outcomes of traditional and robot-assisted surgeries have not been compared to determine their effectiveness. Therefore, this literature review aimed to identify and compare these findings using the UTAUT framework to measure surgeons' Behavioral Intention (BI) (R²=59.1%). According to published studies, robot-assisted surgery has brought about significant changes in various aspects of general surgical practice. Research has shown that robotic surgery reduces invasiveness by enabling smaller incisions, minimizing blood loss, and accelerating patient recovery. The da Vinci Surgical System has demonstrated improved surgical precision thanks to enhanced control during complex procedures such as colectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and hernia repair. The use of robotic systems allows surgeons to remain comfortable during complex procedures because the system enables them to maintain proper ergonomic postures. Robotic systems lead to better clinical outcomes for patients, such as faster hospital discharge, reduced complications, and shorter recovery times (25-30% reduction in complications). The advantages of robotic surgery will become increasingly clear as eleven technical challenges related to costs, learning curves, and tactile feedback are fully addressed.
EXPLORING ASYMMETRICAL RELATIONS AND DIVERSE PROCESSES OF ENSLAVEMENT IN NIGERIA'S HEALTH SECTOR: A THEORETICAL REVIEW
The Nigerian health sector is a sector that is fundamental to the health of its citizens. It is plagued by structural inequalities and exploitation in its labour systems. This paper aims to examine critically the asymmetrical power relations and the dynamics of enslavement in relation to the context of the health sector in Nigeria and how the power relations affect the working environment, labour relations and social mobility of the healthcare workers. By relating the theories of modern slavery, unfree labour, and state-corporate power, the paper will synthesize modern literature and theory to demonstrate how asymmetry, exploitation, and coercion within the context of the health sector are not by chance but are placed within the very structure of the industry. This study, through an exploration of outsourcing, contractualisation, low pay and limited job security and the neglect of the rights of workers, adds to the discussion on modern slavery in the Global South and shows how the relationship between labour exploitation, governmental failure and systemic inequality in health governance interconnect.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valeology: International Journal of Medical Anthropology and Bioethics (2995-4924)
AN EVALUATION OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA SYSTEM TOXICITY: THE IMPLICATIONS AND REMEDIES
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) remains a critical clinical concern despite major advances in regional anesthesia and pharmacologic innovation. It arises from excessive systemic absorption or inadvertent intravascular administration of local anesthetic agents, leading to severe neurological and cardiovascular complications. This review explores the underlying mechanisms of LAST, its epidemiology, and the evolving strategies for prevention and management. Recent evidence highlights the growing role of ultrasound-guided injections and the use of less cardiotoxic agents such as ropivacaine and levobupivacaine in reducing risk. Nevertheless, factors such as patient comorbidities, high-dose infusions, and delayed diagnosis continue to contribute to adverse outcomes. Prompt recognition and immediate administration of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy remain the cornerstone of treatment, while ongoing education and adherence to updated ASRA practice guidelines are crucial for prevention. Looking forward, precision dosing, pharmacogenomic assessment, and smart monitoring systems offer promising solutions to further minimize LAST incidence and improve patient safety across anesthetic practice. The study concluded that effective management hinges on early recognition, prompt intervention with intravenous lipid emulsion therapy, and continuous education through simulation and guideline adherence. It also recommended that continuous professional education should be provided for anesthetists, dentists, surgeons, and other healthcare workers on the recognition, prevention, and management of local anesthetic systemic toxicity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Valeology: International Journal of Medical Anthropology and Bioethics (2995-4924)
THE INTEGRATION OF MRI AND ULTRASOUND IN PRECISION DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER
Background: Prostate cancer is a growing national health issue in Iraq, and the traditional transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy is usually not ideal in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCA). The current study evaluates the diagnostic ability of magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound (MRI-US) fusion biopsy among a prospective group of Iraqi men. Methods: 135 men aged 65.4 years on average, with the median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 12.8ng/ml, were recruited in three tertiary hospitals in Baghdad between January 2024 and December 2025 with a prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) of 3 or higher. Multiparametric MRI and TRUS fusion biopsy was performed on all subjects with the UroNav system, which fused between 4.2 targeted cores and 11.8 systematic cores per patient. Prostate cancer that was considered clinically significant was characterized as a Gleason score of 3 4 or 50 percent positive cores. The outcomes measured were detection rates, histopathologic distribution, procedural complications, and 6-month post-diagnostic management. The statistical tests were conducted using SPSS version 27 and chi-square tests and logistic regression; a statistical significance of p was defined as p <0.05. Findings: The general rate of detecting prostate cancer was 57.8 (csPCa 38.5). Fusion biopsy was found to uniquely identify 42.317 percent of the cases of csPCa. PI-RADs stratification showed increasing yields of 15.8 per cent of score three lesions to 51.4 per cent of score five lesions. Most of the cases (53.8%) had localized disease. The incidents of procedural complications were mild, with hematuria being seen in 33.33 percent and sepsis in 1.5 percent. During the 6-month follow-up, 23.1 % of the patients went under active surveillance, with 15.4% percent undergoing focal therapy. Conclusions: MRI9US hybrid biopsy has a significant enhancement in detecting clinically relevant prostate cancer in Iraq, thereby mitigating incidental low-grade prostate cancer and developing accurate treatment plans, especially in the case of late presentations. It is advisable that MRI hubs should be nationwide established and artificial intelligence improved to reduce the current disparities.
VOCAL CORD NODULES: A CLOSER LOOK AT ETIOLOGY, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES
This retrospective cohort study evaluated the clinical efficacy of voice therapy, surgery, and a combination of voice therapy and surgery on the treatment of vocal cord nodules. Ninety-five patients have been assessed, and the results were measured using multidimensional voice measurement tools, such as the Voice Handicap Index (VHI), acoustic features, or recurrence rate. The sample included 95 adults (mean age 38.2 years, 75.8 years female) with bilateral nodules of the middle-membranous vocal fold that were proven with videolaryngostroboscopy. Between 2020 and 2024, the patients were stratified into three treatment arms, namely voice therapy (n=48), surgery (n=12), and a combination of both (n=35). Pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments (3 months, 1 year, and 5 years) were made to evaluate VHI-30 scores, GRBAS perceptual ratings, acoustic measures (jitter, shimmer, maximum phonation time using Praat), and stroboscopic recurrence. Paired t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression (SPSS v26; p < 0.05) were used as statistical tests. The sustained remission in hard nodules was higher in the combined modality (82.9). The total VHI scores improved (83.2 to 36.6, p 0.001). Jitter reduced to 0.9 2.8 (p 0.001) and maximum phonation time increased (12.5 21.3 2). At 5 years follow-up, 76.3% (n=76) of the patients were able to sustain an improvement. The evidence suggests that voice therapy is a better intervention strategy as the initial line of therapy to use in treating soft nodules, and the combined modality is the best in treating mature lesions, thus minimizing surgical intervention and preventing the recurrence by increasing adherence. These results support the stratified treatment approaches, emphasizing treating by behavioral means, guide clinical practice of voice professionals, and establish the basis of future research, including aerodynamic and cost-effective endpoints.
TOPICAL GOLD–CERIUM OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITE HYDROGEL PROMOTES REDOX HOMEOSTASIS AND WOUND REPAIR IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS: A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Diabetic wounds are characterized by persistent oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and impaired matrix remodelling, which culminate in delayed closure and high rates of infection, amputation, and mortality. Redox-active nanomaterials such as cerium oxide and gold nanoparticles offer a rational strategy to intercept reactive oxygen species and rebalance pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling at the wound interface. This preclinical study evaluated a topically applied gold–cerium oxide (Au–CeO₂) nanocomposite hydrogel as an adjunctive therapy for cutaneous wound repair in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After induction and stabilization of diabetes, standardized full-thickness dorsal excisional wounds were created and animals were randomized to receive either a nanoparticle-free hydrogel base or the Au–CeO₂ nanocomposite hydrogel once daily for up to 21 days. Macroscopic wound contraction and time to complete epithelialization were quantified from serial planimetric measurements. At predefined endpoints, wound tissue was harvested to assess oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and antioxidant enzymes), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), pro-healing mediators (VEGF, TGF-β1), and matrix remodelling markers (MMP-9, TIMP-1, hydroxyproline). Systemic oxidative stress indices, circulating cytokines, routine clinical chemistry, and haematological parameters were also measured, and a subset of rats underwent biomechanical testing of healed skin. Data were summarized as mean ± SD and compared between groups using Welch’s unequal-variance independent-samples t-test. Au–CeO₂ hydrogel treatment significantly accelerated wound contraction at all time points and shortened epithelialization by nearly four days relative to the hydrogel base (p < 0.001). Treated wounds showed lower lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines, higher antioxidant capacity and pro-angiogenic growth factors, a more favourable MMP-9/TIMP-1 profile with increased hydroxyproline, and superior mechanical strength of the repair tissue, without evidence of systemic toxicity. These findings support Au–CeO₂ nanocomposite hydrogel as a promising redox-modulating platform for enhancing diabetic wound healing. Further dose optimization, mechanistic exploration, and comparative studies against established advanced dressings are warranted in diabetic models.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CLOSED-LOOP ANESTHESIA DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF ADMINISTRATION OF ANESTHETICS AGENTS
Closed-loop anesthesia delivery systems (CLADS) represent a significant advancement in anesthetic practice, offering automated, feedback-driven control of anesthetic agent administration to enhance patient safety and clinical efficiency. This critical analysis examined the operational principles, advantages, and limitations of CLADS in optimizing anesthesia delivery. The review highlighted how CLADS integrate real-time physiological monitoring—such as bispectral index (BIS), hemodynamic parameters, and end-tidal anesthetic concentrations—with algorithm-based controllers to maintain precise, individualized anesthetic depth. However, challenges such as system calibration errors, hardware variability, the need for clinician oversight, and limited adaptability in rapidly changing clinical conditions remain notable concerns. Further technological improvements, robust clinical validation, and clinician training are essential to maximize their reliability and integration into modern anesthetic practice. The study concluded that closed Loop Anesthesia Delivery Systems significantly enhance precision, safety, and consistency in administering anesthesia agents. By integrating real-time physiological feedback with automated drug control, these systems minimize human error and improve patient outcomes. One of the recommendations made was that hospitals and manufacturers should prioritize rigorous testing and validation of CLADS to ensure consistent performance across diverse patient populations, minimizing risks of under- or over-dosage.
EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND HORMONAL CHANGES DURING MENOPAUSE, WITH A FOCUS ON PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
Menopause triggers the faster development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through estrogen deficiency, but the most effective preventive measures are a controversial issue. The current trial compared lifestyle interventions to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) by considering them as a combination of both interventions. This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial recruiting 140 women of intermediate CVD risk who were aged 45–60 years old and were based in Iraq. The participants were randomly divided into Group A (lifestyle alone: 150-300 min/week of moderate-vigorous physical activity and a DASH diet plan) and Group B (lifestyle and transdermal estradiol 0.05mg/day and oral progesterone 100mg/day) Individual changes in biomarkers and clinical events were considered as secondary endpoints. A mixed-effects ANOVA (=0.05) was used as an intention-to-treat technique. The baseline data was even (mean age 52 of 4 years; BMI 27.6 of 3.9 kg / m 2). Group B had better decreases in SBP (120.001 vs 126.0013.00mmHg; p.02), LDL (118.001 vs 130.0013.00mg/dl; p.01), hs-CRP (2.001.1 vs 2.701.3.00mmol/L; p.01), and IMT (0.71.0009 vs 0.75.00 Early HRT is a preventive intervention that enhances the reduced CVD risk in perimenopausal women using a structured lifestyle program and ought to be incorporated in prevention initiatives. To support these findings, multicenter validation studies should be done.
TWO-STEP ANNEALED ZnAL₂O₄:SnO₂ THIN FILMS VIA SOL–GEL/DIP-COATING: STRUCTURAL, SURFACE AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION
This work presents a reproducible and low-cost approach for preparing ZnAl₂O₄:SnO₂ composite thin films on glass substrates using a sol–gel dip-coating technique followed by a two-step annealing process. The films were synthesized from a Zn–Al–oxalate sol (Zn:Al = 1:2) with SnO₂ nanoparticles incorporated at 3 and 6 wt%. Deposition was carried out at a withdrawal rate of 60 mm•min⁻¹ using two coating cycles, each separated by a soft-bake at 150 °C for 10 min. The thermal consolidation involved sequential heating at 300 °C for 15 min and 480 °C for 30 min in air. Structural, chemical, and morphological properties were examined using FTIR, XRD, and AFM analyses. FTIR spectra confirmed the spinel ZnAl₂O₄ band near 655 cm⁻¹, while XRD patterns revealed a well-defined cubic spinel phase without secondary peaks. AFM images showed uniform grains and controlled roughness depending on SnO₂ concentration. Optical analysis indicated a slight redshift of the absorption edge with SnO₂ addition, and the electrical characterization showed decreased resistance and increased capacitance in the doped films. The obtained results confirm that combining ZnAl₂O₄ with SnO₂ effectively tailors both structural and functional characteristics of spinel-based thin films using a simple, entirely vacuum-free process.
MODERN METHODS OF TREATING FRACTURES OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL REGION
Maxillofacial fractures are an abundant component of the injuries due to trauma that need immediate diagnosis and additional support from different specialties. In recent years, the evolution of surgical practice and imaging modalities as well as improvements in the range and properties of available biomaterials have led to paradigm shifts in the treatment of facial fractures. The current literature is reviewed on contemporary techniques for the management of maxillofacial fractures, encompassing internal and external fixation devices; 3-dimensional (3D) imaging/ model production; minimally invasive surgery; and postoperative therapy. An up-to-date review is made of the benefits of titanium miniplates, computer-aided surgery and regenerative procedures such as bone grafts and biomimetic scaffolds. Special attention is given to the function, appearance and occurrence of postoperative complications. The essay is a fruitful mixture of theoretical reasoning and clinical examples that formcomplete background about treating maxillofacial trauma in the present decade.
STUDY OF NURSES’ ATTITUDES CONCERNING MEDICATION ERRORS IN AL-HILLA TEACHING HOSPITALS
Background. Mistakes with medication are common in the healthcare setting Is very often cause of needless harm to patients. Nurses are key to managing medicines and are the last line of defence against errors. How staff perceive medical errors influences how they identify, prevent, and report error – activities that are key to patient safety. In developing nations, including Iraq, low resources and heavy workloads are compounded by weak protection mechanisms. Objective. The purpose of this study is to analyze the attitudes and beliefs of nurses in Al-Hilla Teaching Hospitals towards medication errors and to identify socio-demographic and employment variables that affect error reporting barrier. Methods. A cross-sectional design was used for the study. A sample of 170 nurses from the critical care units of Al-Hilla and Al-Imam Al-Sadiq Teaching Hospitals was selected using a purposive sampling technique. A validated questionnaire (reliability r = 0.82) was used to collect data on demographic, perception and attitudes toward medication error and reporting. Scorings were delimited into a three-point likert scale, where agrees get three points and neutrals get two points and disagreeing gets one-point. Data analysis included descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Results. A majority of participants were female (57.6%), aged between 20 -30 years (75.9%), and bachelor’s degree holders (52.4%). The overall average score obtained from the responses of the subjects regarding the perception of medication errors was 2.70 (SD = 0.506). In addition, the average score towards reporting errors received was 2.48 (SD = 0.657). Nevertheless, fear of punishment, heavy workload, inadequate managerial support, and limited training impeded nurses from reporting. Less-experienced nurses were particularly affected. Conclusion. Nurses at Al-Hilla Teaching Hospitals have a positive attitude toward medication error reporting. But organizational and cultural barriers prevent nurses from consistently reporting medication errors. Policies that do not punish when harm events take place, supportive supervision, ongoing training, and easier access to reporting are recommended for patient safety.
PLATINUM-TITANIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AS A SYNERGISTIC RADIOSENSITIZER AND PHOTOTHERMAL AGENT FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT GLIOBLASTOMA
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumor characterized by poor prognosis and limited therapeutic success. This study explored the potential of platinum-core titanium oxide-shell nanoparticles as a dual-function therapeutic agent combining radiosensitization and photothermal therapy. Nanoparticles were synthesized using a two-step process and characterized by DLS, zeta potential, XRD, and FTIR analyses, confirming monodisperse, stable, and crystalline core–shell structures. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed via MTT assay, demonstrating significant dose- and time-dependent reductions in glioblastoma cell viability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels measured by DCFH-DA fluorescence assay indicated nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress, a likely contributor to the observed cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, survival fraction assays incorporating nanoparticle treatment with radiotherapy (2 Gy X-ray) and near-infrared photothermal stimulation revealed a synergistic effect, achieving the greatest reduction in cell survival when all three modalities were combined. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of these outcomes. These findings underscore the potential of platinum-titanium oxide core–shell nanoparticles as a promising combinational therapy platform for overcoming radioresistance in glioblastoma. The multifunctionality of the nanoplatform, along with its biocompatibility and physicochemical stability, supports its continued development for translational cancer nanomedicine.
Modern Principles of Treating Bronchoobstructive Syndrome in Children Developed After Acute Respiratory Infection
Bronchoobstructive Syndrome (BOS) in children remains one of the most pressing issues in pediatric practice. It often develops as a complication of acute respiratory infections, which are common in childhood. The article discusses the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and modern principles of treatment of BOS in young patients. Special emphasis is placed on a comprehensive therapeutic strategy that combines pathogenetic and symptomatic treatment, including the use of mucolytics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and supportive physiotherapy methods. The importance of timely diagnosis, rational drug administration, and preventive measures in reducing complications and improving prognosis is underlined.
Long-Term Durability and Functional Outcomes of Total Knee Replacement in Active Young Adults
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a highly successful operation traditionally reserved for older, less active patients, where the aim of the current research is to evaluate the survivorship at long-term, functional outcomes, patient satisfaction, and durability of TKA in active young adults between the ages of 20 and 35 years. Moreover, our study were enrolled 77 active patients (86 knees) with a mean age of 28.6 years (range: 20-35) at the time of surgery were subjected to a cross-sectional study, which all patients were assessed preoperatively and at an average follow-up of 2 years during March 2023 - March 2025 by applying patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), radiographic evaluation, and implant survivorship calculations. In addition, significant improvement was shown in all PROMs at 2 years; KSS-Functional increased by +44.3 points, KOOS-Pain by +52.4 points, and UCLA Activity Score by +3.6 points, as well as 66.2% of the patients experienced a moderate level of activity (UCLA 5-7), and 18.2% were active in high-impact activities (UCLA 8-10) during 2 years follow – up, whereby the all-cause reoperation rate was 19.8% (17 knees), and the most common reasons for revision were aseptic loosening (5.8%) and periprosthetic joint infection (4.7%), that a total of 89.6% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied, and 90.9% would undergo the operation again. Due to that, our study concludes that TKA provides great pain relief, functional recovery, and excellent satisfaction in active young patients; it has an unusually high rate of reoperation, nearing two times that of their elderly counterparts.
Glenn Circulation Failure in Single Ventricle CHD
This randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the surgical outcome of surgery in the age group of 2-6 years. A total of 130 samples were grouped into groups A and B for comparative analysis. The inclusion criteria specified that children be posted for surgery, but who do not have significant comorbidities, while the exclusion criteria stated serious nervous system or cardiac diseases. Preoperative assessment involved demographic data collection and monitoring clinical parameters such as mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, and heart rate. All surgery was performed using the same surgery standard, and postoperative results were recorded about complications, the duration of hospital stay, echocardiographic follow-up, readmission, and quality-of-life scores. Results shown that a similar demographic presentation was observed, with a slight female predominance in Group B. Notably, Group A presented with higher mean pulmonary artery pressure and lower oxygen saturation, demonstrating more severe preoperative profiles. In terms of surgical parameters, Group A had a shorter average duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping, thus causing fewer postoperative complications like arrhythmias and infections. These complications would later be seen more in Group B, as their echocardiographic outcome indicators pointed to a better functioning heart postoperatively. As derived from the demographic analysis, Group A had a mean patient age of 4.2 years, while Group B had a mean patient age of 4.5 years. However, weight or nutritional status did not differ significantly. According to preoperative clinical details, Group A had a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 20.0 mmHg and oxygen saturation of 73%, whereas in Group B, it was 18.5 mmHg and 75%, thus suggesting to be worse pulmonary conditions in Group A than in Group B. The time of cardiopulmonary bypass was shorter in Group A: 140 min as compared with 150 min of Group B. Furthermore, Group A had a mean length of stay in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit) of 4.5 days compared to 5 days for Group B. The Group A postoperative complications were more than those of Group B, as there were arrhythmias within 10 patients (15.4%) in Group A, as compared with five patients (7.7%) in Group B. Further analysis revealed longer hospital stays and higher rates of readmission for Group B and significant differences in functional capacity and quality of life scores in favor of Group A. Neurological assessments showed more normal readings per group, while pharmacologic management reflected similar dynamics. In conclusion, while early postoperative outcomes for both groups were acceptable, the data suggested that Group A suffered fewer complications at the expense of moderately impaired functional recovery despite being more severely impaired during the preoperative period. This study emphasizes the importance of thorough preoperative assessment and individualized postoperative care for optimizing outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery.
Surgical Approaches to Correct Congenital Malformations of the Female Reproductive System
Congenital malformations in the female reproductive tract (CMFRT) pose significant clinical challenges, manifesting as obstructive symptoms, pain, and reduced fertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes regarding safety, efficacy, and reproductive results following the repair of CMFRT in patients. A cross-sectional study was performed involving 66 patients who underwent surgery for the correction of congenital malformations affecting the female genital tract from March 2024 to March 2025. The ESHRE/ESGE system was used to group the anomalies. The main outcomes were the rates of complications during and after surgery (using the Clavien-Dindo classification), the success of the surgery in terms of anatomy, the resolution of symptoms, and the reproductive outcome for those trying to get pregnant. Abdominal pain that occurred on was the most common reported symptom (63.6%). Obstructive abnormalities (57.6%), as well as uterine septa (U2, 37.9%), were the most frequent findings and indications. Laparoscopic-assisted surgery was the most often utilized modality (43.9%). Postoperative complications were mostly minor (Clavien-Dindo I-II, 27.3%); intraoperative complications were observed in 16.7%, primarily hemorrhage (6.1%). In 100% of obstructive/neovaginal procedures and 87.9% of uterine procedures, anatomical success was attained. Dyspareunia (89.5%), pelvic pain (92.9%), and dysmenorrhea (92.1%) all showed notable symptom improvement. The incidence of conception was 71.4% and the rate of live birth was 80% among the 28 patients who sought to conceive. 10.6% had intrauterine adhesions. 87.9% of patients expressed satisfaction or high satisfaction with the results of their surgery. Surgical correction of CMFRT, by a variety of minimally invasive and open methods, is marked by high success in anatomical correction, complete cessation of symptoms, and favorable reproductive outcomes. Complications are usually minor, and satisfaction with the result is extremely high. Multidisciplinary individualized surgical treatment is effective in the management of these complex disorders.
EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC ANTRAL FOLLICLE COUNT ON OUTCOME OF IVF SUCCESS
Infertility has emerged as a growing global health concern, affecting nearly 10–15% of couples of reproductive age. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF), offer significant hope for achieving pregnancy, yet their success rates vary widely depending on several biological and clinical factors. Among these, ovarian reserve assessment plays a central role in predicting treatment outcomes. Antral follicle count (AFC), measured by transvaginal ultrasonography during the early follicular phase, is one of the most widely used and non-invasive methods for estimating ovarian reserve. AFC reflects the number of small antral follicles present in the ovaries and serves as an indirect marker of the remaining primordial follicle pool. The predictive value of AFC in IVF lies in its ability to estimate ovarian responsiveness to controlled ovarian stimulation, determine the number of oocytes retrieved, and influence overall clinical pregnancy rates. Studies between 2016 and 2022 have consistently highlighted that women with higher AFC values generally produce more oocytes and embryos of better quality, which translates into higher implantation and pregnancy success. Conversely, women with low AFC often experience poor ovarian response, higher cycle cancellation rates, and reduced chances of live birth. This makes AFC an important tool not only for counseling patients but also for customizing stimulation protocols, optimizing medication dosages, and setting realistic expectations regarding IVF outcomes. Despite its utility, AFC is not without limitations. Variability in ultrasound techniques, inter-observer differences, and overlapping values across age groups can sometimes reduce its accuracy. Furthermore, conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can lead to an artificially elevated AFC that may not necessarily predict successful outcomes. Therefore, many researchers recommend combining AFC with biochemical markers such as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) to improve predictive precision. Still, AFC remains a cost-effective, accessible, and widely accepted first-line test in routine fertility practice. The clinical significance of AFC extends beyond prediction; it also aids in risk stratification. Women with high AFC are at increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), while those with low AFC may face cycle failure. This dual role underscores its importance in both maximizing success and minimizing complications. Recent research emphasizes integrating AFC into individualized IVF protocols, ensuring safer and more effective treatments. Ultrasonic antral follicle count remains a valuable and reliable predictor of IVF success. It provides critical insights into ovarian reserve, response to stimulation, and likelihood of pregnancy. When used alongside other clinical and hormonal markers, AFC enhances personalized fertility care and contributes to improved ART outcomes. Future research should focus on refining imaging techniques and standardizing measurement protocols to further strengthen its predictive accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2023 Valeology: International Journal of Medical Anthropology and Bioethics (2995-4924)
Investigation of Saliva Composition in Benign Salivary Gland Tumors
Benign salivary gland tumors, though non-malignant, can significantly affect the function of glandular tissue, leading to changes in saliva composition. This study investigates the biochemical alterations in saliva among patients with benign salivary gland tumors, aiming to explore saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. To examine the biochemical composition of saliva in patients with benign salivary gland tumors and compare it to that of healthy individuals, focusing on changes in protein fractions, enzyme activities, and electrolyte levels. Forty-two patients diagnosed with benign salivary gland tumors (18 men, 24 women, aged 25–65) participated in the study. A control group of 20 healthy individuals was also included. Saliva was collected in the morning, and biochemical analysis was performed to measure total protein, protein fractions, enzyme activity (amylase, lactate dehydrogenase), and electrolyte levels (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−). Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Significant differences in saliva composition were observed in patients compared to the control group. Protein levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05), with increased globulins and decreased albumin-globulin ratio. Enzyme activity, especially amylase and lactate dehydrogenase, was elevated, and electrolyte imbalances were noted.
COMMUNITY-BASED STRATEGIES FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE SKIN DISEASES
Cutaneous infectious diseases, such as scabies, impetigo, and fungal infections, represent a significant public health issue, particularly in resource-limited and highly populated communities. These illnesses are primarily driven by compromised hygiene practices, limited access to care, and poor health knowledge. To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention programme that targeted and involved the community to prevent and control recurrent communicable skin disease. A cross-sectional study of 77 patients with a contagious skin condition was performed. The intervention consisted of three components: (1) structured health education on disease transmission and prevention, (2) the provision of hygiene kits containing soap, towels, and nail clippers, and (3) the application of topical medication with follow-up visits. Clinical outcomes and self-reported hygiene behaviors were assessed at 12-month follow-up. The three most common diagnoses were impetigo (32.5%), scabies (28.6%), and tinea infections (23.4%). 63.6% of participants had poor handwashing hygiene following contact, and 49.4% had sharing towels or bedding at baseline. At follow-up (n=73), there was a 89.0% rate of clinical improvement or resolution with the intervention. Further, extreme self-reported change in key hygiene practices was observed, including a 79.5% boost in washing one's hands often and an 84.9% reduction in sharing potentially dirty items. Intervention was 97.3% satisfactory to participants. A community-based package that integrates health education, distribution of basic hygiene supplies, and personal CHW follow-up is highly effective and acceptable for prevention and control of communicable skin diseases. The model draws on both structural and behavioral determinants of health and is an ideal strategy for stemming the burden of these diseases among disadvantaged populations.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF MOLECULAR AND SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF SOME COMPOUNDS
In this study, the spectral and molecular parameters are calculated by some molecular programs to obtain of the results of our compounds. The various properties of the ground and excited electronic states of The pyrromethene 580 molecule was theoretically simulated in this study utilizing density functional theory (DFT) and the B3LYP at a 6-31 G (d,p) basis set. Then, bond lengths and bond angles were determined using DFT methods, The electronic properties such as the electronic energy, dipole moments, such as ionization potentials (IP), absolute softness (S), chemical potential (K), electrophilic index (ω), electron affinities (EA), absolute hardness (η), Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and Absorption spectra. The energy values were -1192.534269 Hartree. The dipole moment values found to be 3.96 Debye indicate the non-uniform distribution of charges. The energy gap was found to be 2.96 eV, which reflected the stability of the molecule. We find good agreement between experimental and theoretical data of UV spectrum where λ_max theoretically with solvent ethanol was 513 nm and experimentally was 519-522 dependent on the change in concentration.
INVESTIGATING THE PREVALENCE OF URINARY TRACT INVOLVEMENT IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
The interplay between COVID-19 and urinary tract involvement (UTI) remained an area of significant clinical interest, particularly given the potential for overlapping symptomatology and complications. This study examined the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with concurrent UTI, assessing risk factors and outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in different hospitals in Iraq during March 2022 - March 2023. Our study enrolled clinical outcomes of UTI symptoms, causative pathogens, laboratory markers, and hospitalization outcomes. This study identified urinary tract involvement (UTI) symptoms, and these symptoms were evaluated by IPSS Scores, as well as evaluated the general health quality of psychological aspects using HADS scores in both anxiety and depression. EQ-5D scores. Logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors for UTI development. The cohort had (50.0% aged 51–60), with 60.0% male and 40.0% female participants. Hypertension (28.6%), diabetes mellitus (21.4%), and obesity (25.7%) were prevalent comorbidities. UTI symptoms were reported in 50.0% of patients, with dysuria (28.6%) and lower abdominal pain (25.7%) being the most common. Escherichia coli (35.7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.4%) were the predominant pathogens. Severe COVID-19 (21.4%) was associated with elevated inflammatory markers (CRP: 45.6 ± 12.4 mg/L; D-dimer: 1.8 ± 0.7 μg/mL). Hospitalization outcomes revealed a mean length of stay of 10.5 ± 3.2 days, with 28.6% requiring ICU admission and an 11.4% mortality rate. UTI is a frequent complication in COVID-19 patients, particularly among older adults, women, and those with metabolic comorbidities. Severe COVID-19 correlates with worse urinary outcomes, emphasizing the need for vigilant urological monitoring in high-risk populations.
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON DIGESTIVE HEALTH IN IRAQ: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a wide range of extrapulmonary manifestations, including gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, severity, and long-term effects of digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients, as well as their association with disease outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 confirmed COVID-19 patients at Baghdad, Iraq hospitals from April 2024 to April 2025, assessing demographic data, GI symptoms, pre-existing conditions, laboratory findings, and follow-up recovery status. Statistical analysis was performed to determine frequencies, percentages, and correlations. Among the patients, 40% reported diarrhea, 33.3% nausea/vomiting, and 26.7% abdominal pain, with 46.7% experiencing significant appetite loss. Pre-existing GI conditions (e.g., GERD, IBS) were present in 40% of cases. Elevated liver enzymes (ALT/AST) were observed in 20-24%, suggesting hepatic involvement. Post-infection, 16% developed new IBS-like symptoms, and 46.7% had notable weight loss. While 66.7% achieved full recovery within three months, 6.7% reported persistent GI symptoms. COVID-19 significantly impacts digestive health, with a high prevalence of GI symptoms, nutritional deficiencies, and potential long-term sequelae.
EXPLORE HOW EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS AND PEDIATRICIANS CAN IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOMES
Communication between pediatricians and emergency departments (ED) is crucial to improve patient outcomes in pediatric care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different communication strategies between emergency departments and pediatricians strategies on pediatric patients' clinical outcomes, such as illness type, patients' satisfaction, clinical outcomes, and overall quality of life. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 130 children patients transferred to the emergency department. We enrolled clinical data, mode of communication used (Phone Consultations, Face‐to‐face communication, Secure Messaging, and Shared Access in Electronic Health Records (EHR)), patient clinical outcomes, parental satisfaction scores, and health-related quality of life through SF-36 questionnaires. The findings of the study showed that face-to-face communication recorded the highest parental satisfaction rate (100%) and the most untimely communication (mean 10 minutes). In contrast, shared access in EHR exhibited the most time for communication (mean 25 minutes) and moderate satisfaction (40%). Clinical outcomes showed that face-to-face communication patients recorded the least PICU lengths of stay (mean 2.1 days) and re-admission rates (20%), whereas phone consultations recorded high levels of morbidity outcomes. The results suggest that direct communication is the ideal method for enhancing pediatric patient outcomes during ED transfer. Direct communication between pediatricians and ED staff can possibly lead to improved clinical outcomes and parental satisfaction.
Examining The Systemic Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Markers and Thrombotic Risks in Women
Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are widely used for birth control and management of various gynecological conditions However, their systemic effects particularly on inflammatory markers and thrombotic risk, remain a subject of ongoing investigation where in This study aimed to examine the impact of hormonal contraceptive use on systemic inflammation and thrombotic risk factors in women over a 12-month period in addition to Methods of study refer to An observational cohort study was conducted from March 2024 to March 2025 across multiple hospitals in Iraq with Eighty women of reproductive age were enrolled and divided into two groups: HC users and non-users and Data collected included demographic information, laboratory results (blood glucose, cholesterol, CRP, IL-6), hormonal profiles, thrombotic risk factors, and patient-reported outcomes. Laboratory assessments were performed at baseline and after 12 months. where In this paper Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics, independent t-tests for group comparisons, and correlation coefficients to assess relationships between inflammatory markers and thrombotic risk. The results in this study refer to HC users demonstrated significantly higher levels of inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6) and altered coagulation profiles compared to non-users (p < 0.05) and Correlation analysis revealed a positive association between duration of HC use and increased thrombotic risk factors Despite these findings, some users reported improved quality of life and satisfaction with contraceptive methods finally we concloude Hormonal contraceptive use is associated with elevated systemic inflammation and increased thrombotic risk in women, highlighting the need for individualized risk assessment and patient education.
Hormonal contraceptives, systemic inflammation, thrombotic risk, inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, women’s health, cohort study, Iraq, quality of life.
Dr. Dhabya Ihsan Abdulrazzaq Al-Sammarraie
BIOLOGY OF AGING AND SECRETS OF LONGEVITY
Aging is a universal biological process characterized by the gradual decline of physiological function and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. Recent biological research has highlighted the importance of understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, and telomere shortening, in influencing lifespan and aging progression. Despite advancements, the interplay between genetic regulation, environmental influences, and therapeutic interventions in promoting healthy longevity remains insufficiently explored. This study aims to examine the biological underpinnings of aging and identify promising strategies for extending a healthy human lifespan. The analysis reveals that cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, and free radical accumulation significantly contribute to the aging process. Telomere attrition, decreased DNA repair capacity, and oxidative damage are primary drivers of cellular aging. In parallel, genetic elements such as SIRT genes and the telomerase enzyme exhibit protective effects. Lifestyle choices—nutrition, exercise, sleep, and stress management—also influence aging rates. The study integrates recent discoveries in molecular biology, regenerative medicine, and therapeutic approaches, including antioxidants, calorie restriction, and stem cell research, to propose a holistic framework for anti-aging interventions. These insights offer a foundation for developing targeted treatments that delay biological aging, reduce disease onset, and improve quality of life. The synthesis of molecular, genetic, and lifestyle factors underscores the multifactorial nature of longevity, guiding future biomedical and public health strategies in aging management.
Aging, longevity, cellular senescence, DNA damage, oxidative stress, free radicals, telomeres, telomerase, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic factors, SIRT genes, molecular mechanisms of aging, anti-aging therapies, antioxidants, healthy lifespan, regenerative medicine, stem cells, calorie restriction, lifestyle factors, environmental influences on aging
ASSESSMENT OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES IN WOMEN ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS IN HOLY KARBALA CITY
This study investigates the adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives among women attending two primary health care centers in Holy Karbala City, Iraq. Despite their global prevalence due to effectiveness and reversibility, hormonal contraceptives remain under scrutiny for side effects, especially in contexts with limited healthcare literacy. Addressing a knowledge gap in localized user experiences and preferences, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire administered to 355 women aged 15–49. Statistical analysis using SPSS revealed that oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) were the most commonly used method, particularly among housewives aged 30–39 with lower education levels. Significant side effects reported included mood disturbances (43.1%), menstrual irregularities (38%), weight gain (33%), and gastrointestinal issues, all varying by contraceptive type and user demographics. These findings highlight the need for enhanced medical counseling, informed contraceptive choice, and community-based education to mitigate side effects and improve reproductive health outcomes in similar populations.
hormonal contraceptives; women; and primary health care